{"id":18164,"date":"2023-11-05T00:06:36","date_gmt":"2023-11-04T23:06:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.crowave.com\/blog\/?p=18164"},"modified":"2023-11-05T11:55:59","modified_gmt":"2023-11-05T10:55:59","slug":"termometar-hartmann-braun-88","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.crowave.com\/blog\/2023\/11\/05\/termometar-hartmann-braun-88\/","title":{"rendered":"Termometar Hartmann &#038; Braun 88.509324"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Danas je nabavljen termometar njema\u010dkog proizvo\u0111a\u010da Hartmann &amp; Braun vjerojatno iz 1980-tih godina.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/crowave.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/hartmann_braun_88_509324_01.jpg\" rel=\"lightbox[18164]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-18165\" src=\"http:\/\/crowave.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/hartmann_braun_88_509324_01.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"1335\" srcset=\"http:\/\/crowave.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/hartmann_braun_88_509324_01.jpg 1000w, http:\/\/crowave.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/hartmann_braun_88_509324_01-768x1025.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/crowave.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/hartmann_braun_88_509324_05.jpg\" rel=\"lightbox[18164]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-18169\" src=\"http:\/\/crowave.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/hartmann_braun_88_509324_05.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1300\" height=\"567\" srcset=\"http:\/\/crowave.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/hartmann_braun_88_509324_05.jpg 1300w, http:\/\/crowave.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/hartmann_braun_88_509324_05-768x335.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1300px) 100vw, 1300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Tvrtka Hartmann &amp; Braun (H&amp;B) osnovana je 1882. godine kao nasljednica dotada\u0161nje proizvodne radionice pod nazivom \u201eOptische Anstalt, physikalisch astronomische Werkst\u00e4tte\u201c u vlasni\u0161tvu Eugena Hartmanna, a koja se bavila proizvodnjom opti\u010dkih ure\u0111aja te mehani\u010dkih i geodetskih instrumenata. Te 1882. godine Hartmann je ostvario partnerski odnos sa Wunibald Braunom (brat njema\u010dkog fizi\u010dara Karla Ferdinanda Brauna, konstruktora prvog osciloskopa sa CRT cijevi i dobitnika nobelove nagrade za fiziku temeljem zasluga u razvoju be\u017ei\u010dne telegrafije), a te\u017ei\u0161te razvoja i proizvodnje je ubrzo stavljeno na elektri\u010dne mjerne instrumente. Tijekom 2. svjetskog rata Hartmann &amp; Braun bila je vrlo va\u017ena njema\u010dka tvrtka i zapo\u0161ljavala je oko 1000 radnika s time da se jo\u0161 oko 340 \u017eena uglavnom iz Ukrajine, Rusije i Bjelorusije koristilo kao prisilna radna snaga. Pri kraju rata dio pogona tvrtke uni\u0161ten je u savezni\u010dkim bombardiranjima, a dio je privremeno oduzet od strane ameri\u010dke vojske. Nakon 1950-ih godina tvrtka se polako oporavlja i okre\u0107e svjetskom tr\u017ei\u0161tu te samostalno posluje sve do 1999. godine kada je pripojena ABB koncernu.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Za termometar HB 88.509324 nemamo nikakve podatke. Prema kontrolama i natpisima, ovaj termometar je ba\u017edaren za rad sa tri tipa termopara (temperaturnog senzora):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>platina-rodij (Rh-Pt) termopar koji na temperaturi 1600\u00b0C daje napon od 16,72 mV<\/li>\n<li>krom-nikal (Cr-Ni) termopar koji na temperaturi 1300\u00b0C daje napon od 52,46 mV<\/li>\n<li>\u017eeljezo-konstantan (Fe-Konst) termopar koji na temperaturi 900\u00b0C daje napon od 53,14 mV<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ovi termoparovi bi prema dana\u0161njim specifikacijama bili najbli\u017ei S, K i J tipovima termoparova. Me\u0111utim, ovo je stariji instrument i ba\u017edaren je za sli\u010dne tipove termoparova koji se danas vi\u0161e ne koriste. Tako primjerice dana\u0161nji J tip termopara (Fe-Konst) na 900\u00b0C daje napon od 51,88 mV, no postojao je tako\u0111er L tip termopara (Fe-Konst) koji na 900\u00b0C daje napon od 53,14 mV.<\/p>\n<p>O termoparovima smo pisali o svim objava vezanih uz termometre i pirometre pa ovdje ne\u0107emo ponovno analizirati temperaturno naponske karakteristike pojedinih tipova termoparova. Instrumet HB 88.509324 sam po sebi nije ni\u0161ta drugo nego mili-voltmetar sa mjernim opsezima do 18 mV, odnosno do 54 mV. Mjerni opsezi se biraju dovo\u0111enjem napona na odre\u0111enu kombinaciju priklju\u010dnica (stezaljki) kako je i nacrtano na prednjoj plo\u010di.<\/p>\n<p>Dodatna kontrola u obliku sklopke 0-20 \u2126 slu\u017ei za kompenzaciju otpora poveznih vodova kojima se termopar spaja na instrument. S obzirom da se ovim instrumentom mjere visoke temperature povezni vodovi do senzora mogu biti duga\u010dki. Vodovima se prenose vrlo mali naponi te se ve\u0107 na malom otporu istih mogu stvoriti veliki padovi napona \u010dime bez kompenzacije dobivamo pogre\u0161na o\u010ditanja.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/crowave.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/hartmann_braun_88_509324_02.jpg\" rel=\"lightbox[18164]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-18166\" src=\"http:\/\/crowave.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/hartmann_braun_88_509324_02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1300\" height=\"873\" srcset=\"http:\/\/crowave.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/hartmann_braun_88_509324_02.jpg 1300w, http:\/\/crowave.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/hartmann_braun_88_509324_02-768x516.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1300px) 100vw, 1300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/crowave.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/hartmann_braun_88_509324_03.jpg\" rel=\"lightbox[18164]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-18167\" src=\"http:\/\/crowave.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/hartmann_braun_88_509324_03.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1300\" height=\"867\" srcset=\"http:\/\/crowave.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/hartmann_braun_88_509324_03.jpg 1300w, http:\/\/crowave.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/hartmann_braun_88_509324_03-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1300px) 100vw, 1300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Mjerni instrument ima osjetljivost 100 \u00b5A, puni otklon posti\u017ee na 18 mV iz \u010dega proizlazi unutra\u0161nji otpor instrumenta 180 \u2126 (10 \u2126 \/ mV). Me\u0111utim, ovaj na\u0161 instrument je \u010dini se ve\u0107 do\u017eivio neke preinake, popravke i sli\u010dno. Jedan mjerni otpornik i jedna vanjska priklju\u010dnica nisu spojeni nigdje, a sklopka za kompenzaciju otpora je neispravna. Zate\u010deno stanje je ovakvo.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/crowave.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/hartmann_braun_88_509324_10.gif\" rel=\"lightbox[18164]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-18174\" src=\"http:\/\/crowave.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/hartmann_braun_88_509324_10.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"453\" \/><\/a><em><span style=\"color: #00ffff;\">Otpornik od 67 \u2126 te desna priklju\u010dnica bez oznaka (koji u na\u0161em instrumentu nisu spojeni) vjerojatno su poku\u0161aj nadogradnje ure\u0111aja na neki drugi tip termopara.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Neispravnu sklopku nismo mogli izmjeriti, a ista preklapa 15 otpornika od 6 \u2126 te pet otpornika od 1 \u2126. Kombinacijom ovih otpornika mogao bi se dobiti bilo koji otpor u rasponu 1 &#8211; 95 \u2126 sa korakom od 1 \u2126. Sklopka ima 20 polo\u017eaja i nemamo njenu internu shemu, no prema prora\u010dunu morala bi kombinirati otpornike za raspon 18 &#8211; 39 \u2126. Tako bi na otporu od 39 \u2126 imali ukupni unutra\u0161nji otpor voltmetra od 180 \u2126 \u0161to odgovara poziciji sklopke 0 \u2126 (bez kompenzacije). Svaki slijede\u0107i polo\u017eaj smanjuje unutra\u0161nji otpor voltmetra za 1 \u2126 \u0161to onda kompenzira istu vrijednost otpora poveznih \u017eica prema termoparu.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/crowave.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/hartmann_braun_88_509324_04.jpg\" rel=\"lightbox[18164]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-18168\" src=\"http:\/\/crowave.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/hartmann_braun_88_509324_04.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1300\" height=\"585\" srcset=\"http:\/\/crowave.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/hartmann_braun_88_509324_04.jpg 1300w, http:\/\/crowave.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/hartmann_braun_88_509324_04-768x346.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1300px) 100vw, 1300px\" \/><\/a><em><span style=\"color: #00ffff;\">Ovaj slo\u017eeni vi\u0161epolni preklopnik sa 20 otpornika vjerojatno je mogao biti zamijenjen potenciometrom, posebice jer otpornici ionako imaju toleranciju od 2 %. <\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/crowave.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/hartmann_braun_88_509324_08.jpg\" rel=\"lightbox[18164]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-18172\" src=\"http:\/\/crowave.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/hartmann_braun_88_509324_08.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1300\" height=\"510\" srcset=\"http:\/\/crowave.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/hartmann_braun_88_509324_08.jpg 1300w, http:\/\/crowave.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/hartmann_braun_88_509324_08-768x301.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1300px) 100vw, 1300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/crowave.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/hartmann_braun_88_509324_06.jpg\" rel=\"lightbox[18164]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-18170\" src=\"http:\/\/crowave.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/hartmann_braun_88_509324_06.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1300\" height=\"414\" srcset=\"http:\/\/crowave.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/hartmann_braun_88_509324_06.jpg 1300w, http:\/\/crowave.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/hartmann_braun_88_509324_06-768x245.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1300px) 100vw, 1300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/crowave.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/hartmann_braun_88_509324_07.jpg\" rel=\"lightbox[18164]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-18171\" src=\"http:\/\/crowave.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/hartmann_braun_88_509324_07.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1300\" height=\"328\" srcset=\"http:\/\/crowave.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/hartmann_braun_88_509324_07.jpg 1300w, http:\/\/crowave.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/hartmann_braun_88_509324_07-768x194.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1300px) 100vw, 1300px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"color: #00ffff;\"><em>Zakretni svitak mjernog sistema je napet na tankoj torzionoj niti. Takvim na\u010dinom monta\u017ee dobiva se osjetljiviji instrument, no isti je vi\u0161e podlo\u017ean mehani\u010dkim o\u0161te\u0107enjima nego kad je zakretni sistem na osovini sa le\u017eajevima i balansiran spiralnim oprugama.<\/em> <\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/crowave.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/hartmann_braun_88_509324_09.jpg\" rel=\"lightbox[18164]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-18173\" src=\"http:\/\/crowave.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/hartmann_braun_88_509324_09.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1300\" height=\"953\" srcset=\"http:\/\/crowave.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/hartmann_braun_88_509324_09.jpg 1300w, http:\/\/crowave.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/hartmann_braun_88_509324_09-768x563.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1300px) 100vw, 1300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Ovaj instrument danas mo\u017ee biti zanimljiv jedino po osjetljivom mjernom sistemu \u0161irokog raspona skale. Dobro je i to \u0161to se plo\u010dica skale mo\u017ee lako zamijeniti pa se instrument mo\u017ee prenamijeniti za neku drugu ulogu. Na\u017ealost, o\u010dito je le\u017eao u nekom vla\u017enom prostoru te je \u017eeljeznu jezgru \u00a0mjernog sistema napala korozija. Kako god bilo, moderni digitalni instrumenti su danas ve\u0107 gotovo istisnuli iz upotrebe ovakve masivne stolne laboratorijske analogne instrumente te isti zavr\u0161avaju na deponijima, a tek rijetki budu sa\u010duvani u kakvim privatnim zbirkama ljubitelja dobre stare elektronike \ud83d\ude42<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Danas je nabavljen termometar njema\u010dkog proizvo\u0111a\u010da Hartmann &amp; Braun vjerojatno iz 1980-tih godina. &nbsp; &nbsp; Tvrtka Hartmann &amp; Braun (H&amp;B) osnovana je 1882. godine kao nasljednica dotada\u0161nje proizvodne radionice pod nazivom \u201eOptische Anstalt, physikalisch astronomische Werkst\u00e4tte\u201c u vlasni\u0161tvu Eugena Hartmanna, a koja se bavila proizvodnjom opti\u010dkih ure\u0111aja te mehani\u010dkih i geodetskih instrumenata. Te 1882. godine [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":18165,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-18164","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-mjerni","8":"czr-hentry"},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/crowave.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/hartmann_braun_88_509324_01.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.crowave.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18164","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.crowave.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.crowave.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.crowave.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.crowave.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=18164"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.crowave.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18164\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18178,"href":"https:\/\/www.crowave.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18164\/revisions\/18178"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.crowave.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/18165"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.crowave.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=18164"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.crowave.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=18164"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.crowave.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=18164"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}